The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of Marathi language-speaking Koli people.^[25][26][27] For centuries, the seven islands of Bombay were under the control of successive indigenous rulers before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire, and subsequently to the East India Company in 1661, through the dowry of Catherine Braganza when she was married off to Charles II of England.^[28] Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project,^[29] which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the Arabian Sea.^[30] Along with the construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon India’s independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, a new state 

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